History of Coca Cola Essay

About the Company: The primary indications of the Coca-Cola Company began in Atlanta in 1886 when a drug specialist named John Pemberton built up a caramel hued carbonated beverage and inspected it to clients. Before long, the beverage was available to be purchased at five pennies a glass, selling around nine glasses every day in the neighborhood drug store. After Pemberton’s demise in 1888, an Atlanta agent named Asa Griggs Candler, tied down the rights to Coca-Cola for an aggregate of $2300 and it was as of now that Coca-Cola changed from an innovation into a business. Throughout the following quite a while, through coupons, commercial, and inspecting, the interest for Coca-Cola kept on developing creation it important to open syrup plants in Chicago, Dallas, and Los Angeles. In 1899, two legal counselors made sure about the rights from Candler to sell Coca-Cola in compact container measured serving, rather than just being offered in the soft drink wellsprings. Not understanding the notoriety containers would have, Candler sold the rights for only one dollar. Going into the new century, Coca-Cola kept on observing fast development moving into different nations including Canada, Panama, Puerto Rico, France, and Cuba to give some examples. From having only two bottlers in 1990, Coca-Cola had just about 1000 bottlers in 1920. Throughout the following multi year, center was around presenting the drink the world over with much achievement. Following 70 years of accomplishment with Coca-Cola, the organization started presenting other seasoned drinks including Fantaâ ®, Tabâ ®, Frescaâ ®, and Spriteâ ®. The company’s nearness was developing increasingly more universally in nations, for example, Cambodia, Turkey, and Paraguay. In1971, the organization was chosen to be the main organization permitted to sell bundled cold beverages in The Peoples Republic of China. During the 1980’s, Diet Coke was presented and the organization tried to build up another improved recipe for Coca-Cola. While this had great test board results, when the new recipe was presented available, the general population asked for the old equation to be restored. The popular supposition in the long run won and Coca-Cola Classic was back on the racks. The 1990’sâ brought other new refreshments to the line up including Dasaniâ ® filtered water, Poweradeâ ® sports drink, and Barq’sâ ® root brew. The organization kept on moving into different nations including East Germany and India. By 1997, the organization was up to more than 1 billion servings of their item daily and constantly developing. Coca-Cola began as a test in a drug store selling only nine glasses per day and now has more than 500 brands overall selling over 1.7 billion servings for every day. Indeed, even with the extreme economy, Coca-Cola has proceeded with its development and stays to be a drink that shoppers go after day by day, in the United States, however everywhere throughout the world.

The Resurrection of Jesus Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Resurrection of Jesus - Assignment Example Mathew just notices Mary Magdalene and doesn't show the presence of different ladies (The Gospel as per Matthew, Chapter 28). They didn't locate the stone that was covering rather, two blessed messengers appeared to them in sparkling articles of clothing and asked them for what valid reason they were looking for Jesus among the dead. In the book of Mathew, Jesus appeared to the pupils on their approach to informing the devotees concerning the risen Christ. The other three books don't represent this. He advised them to remind the pupils that they were to meet him in Galilee. As indicated by Luke, Peter, who didn't accept left for the vacant tomb to affirm what the ladies had said to them (The Gospel as per Luke, Chapter 24). Different books don't depict these happenings. While on their approach to Emaus with a partner, Cleopas, Jesus appeared to them however they didn't remember him until the time he fellowshipped. Jesus was not human he was completely of glorious greatness since he disappeared from them. They left quickly for Jerusalem where they met the eleven teaches and educated them regarding the risen Christ and how he had appeared to Simon. As they described what befell them in transit, Jesus showed up in the midst of them and educated them to stay in harmony. They were so unnerved reasoning he was a soul. He indicated them of the scars on his feet and hands, however the pupils didn't trust him yet Jesus ate a seared fish t before them describing how a soul has neither substance nor bones (Bible, 2000). The various three books spread these happenings aside from the book of John. The books of Mark, John and Luke spread how Jesus uncovered to the pupils His dads favors to them. He disclosed how they were to be observers of the reduction of sins and they were to lecture his name to all the countries. As he favored them, he was separated into the sky up to the sky. The various creators depicted the revival of Jesus as they did in light of the fact that there

Chemistry Lab Report - Why You Need A Chemistry Lab Report

Chemistry Lab Report - Why You Need A Chemistry Lab ReportIn this day and age, students are expected to be able to read and understand all the notes and reports provided in their high school physics lab. To ensure that the student is able to comprehend and use the information, a chemistry lab report should also be on hand to supplement the standard science lab report.The chemistry lab report should contain the fundamental information about the chemical reactions that take place in the experiments, how to work with the chemicals, and how to handle the sample to determine the proper reaction. If the student was able to follow directions correctly, they will also know exactly what to do when the experiment is done.An example of a chemistry lab report is the report that should accompany the chemistry lab. This is where they will write all the notes that were given for the experiment and record the data that was acquired during the experiment.The chemistry lab report should list the mater ials that were used in the experiment. Any spare materials should be stated as well. This would include any liquids that were used to help in the research, such as water, oil, or alcohol, as well as any objects that may have been spilled.If there was a test done of the system that was run through the experiment, the chemistry lab report should include the results of the test. The data would be calculated from the amount of energy and heat produced by the reaction, as well as how much ozone and particles were formed during the experiment. These items can be analyzed to determine the formula and rate of reaction.All apparatus that was used in the experiment should be noted as well, including the types of laboratory safety equipment used. This includes gloves, eye gear, working area, and laboratory staff, as well as any working environment. The laboratory safety equipment should be maintained according to the guidelines set forth by the National Institute of Occupational Safetyand Heal th.An example of a laboratory safety report is the paperwork that should accompany the experiment. It includes any laboratory safety equipment, and even notes from an accompanying test. Other items would include laboratory safety rules, maintenance guidelines, and instructions on how to handle the sample.The chemical reactions that take place during the experiment can sometimes be confusing, and it is important that the student is able to accurately describe the data and the lab procedures. The chemistry lab report is a necessary tool to help guide the student in the right direction when attempting to understand the process of chemistry and how to make it work.

Their Eyes Were Watching God - 2865 Words

Women and Power De nigger woman is de mule uh de world so fur as Ah can see. --Nanny, Their Eyes Were Watching God 14 This quote establishes the novels unusual perspective on gender difference. Its the story of a womans struggle with power. During this time, African American women were looked upon as the mules of the world, because the men were considered the Gods. Society believed that since they were the men of their households, whatever they said was the way it went. The novel set the tone for different novels during the Harlem Renaissance. It was the first major novel published by an African American woman, so it was often classified as a feminist novel. Feminism is often associated with the idea that men and women are†¦show more content†¦He believes that he can control Janie by telling her how to behave. Janie continues to allow the abuse for some time. Eventually, Janie realizes that she has the control and power to end the marriage. She decides to run off with Joe Starks. When she leaves him, it shows that she possess some control over Logan. Janie begins another relationship for all the wrong reasons. Joe Starks is an ambitious, smooth-talking man. He gains control early because he knows that Janie has just left a relationship and is vulnerable. (Bolden) In the beginning, Joe tells Janie all the things that Logan never did. One day he complimented her by saying, A pretty doll- baby lak you is made to sit on de front porch and rock and fan yo self and eat ptaters dat Fountain 5 other folks plant just special for you. (Hurston 29) Janie appreciates these complements because she was never told that she was pretty by any of her husbands. Joe opens a store and demands Janie to run it. Shes not allowed to converse with the customers, because theyre trashy people. One may believe that Janie never responded because she was being an obedient wife, while others believe that she was a weak woman. Joe is more controlling that Logan was. When Joe proclaims himself mayor, he restricts Janie from making a speech. He responded by saying, Thank yuh fuh yo compliments, but mah wife dont know nothin bout no speech makin. Ah never married her forShow MoreRelatedTheir Eyes Were Watching God1064 Words   |  5 Pagessignificant than death. In Zora Neale Hurston’s famous novel, Their Eyes Were Watching God, the main character Janie Crawford is plagued by the deaths of loved ones. Janie moves from caregiver to caregiver searching for true love and hap piness, only to have it stripped away from her once she finds it in her third husband Tea Cake. At the end of the novel, having realized true love and loss, Janie is a whole woman. Their Eyes Were Watching God portrays the growth of the human spirit through both the emotionalRead MoreTheir Eyes Were Watching God1780 Words   |  8 Pagesshort story â€Å"Sweat† and novel Their Eyes Were Watching God, the focus is on women who want better lives but face difficult struggles before gaining them. The difficulties involving men which Janie and Delia incur result from or are exacerbated by the intersection of their class, race, and gender, which restrict each woman for a large part of her life from gaining her independence. Throughout a fair part of Zora Neal Hurston’s novel, Their Eyes Were Watching God, Janie’s low class create problemsRead MoreTheir Eyes Were Watching God932 Words   |  4 PagesJanie Crawford: The Woman Whose Clothing Conveys Her Relationships In Zora Neale Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God, the protagonist, Janie, endures two marriages before finding true love. In each of Janie’s marriages, a particular article of clothing is used to symbolically reflect, not only her attitude at different phases in her life, but how she is treated in each relationship. In Janie’s first marriage with Logan Killicks, an apron is used to symbolize the obligation in her marriage. â€Å"Read More Eyes Were Watching God Essay711 Words   |  3 Pages Their Eyes Were Watching God provides an enlightening look at the journey of a quot;complete, complex, undiminished human beingquot;, Janie Crawford. Her story, based on self-exploration, self-empowerment, and self-liberation, details her loss and attainment of her innocence and freedom as she constantly learns and grows from her experiences with gender issues, racism, and life. The story centers around an important theme; that personal discoveries and life experiences help a person findRead MoreAnalysis Of Their Eyes Were Watching God 1061 Words   |  5 PagesDivision: Janie Crawford in Their Eyes Were Watching God Their Eyes Were Watching God was written in 1937 by Zora Neale Hurston. This story follows a young girl by the name of Janie Crawford. Janie Crawford lived with her grandmother in Eatonville, Florida. Janie was 16 Years old when her grandmother caught her kissing a boy out in the yard. After seeing this her grandmother told her she was old enough to get married, and tells her she has found her a husband by the name of Logan. Logan was a muchRead More Their Eyes Were Watching God Essay1757 Words   |  8 Pages Their Eyes Were Watching God Book Report 1. Title: Their Eyes Were Watching God 2. Author/Date Written: Zora Neale Hurston/1937 3. Country of Author: 4. Characters Janie Mae Crawford- The book’s main character. She is a very strong willed, independent person. She is able to defy a low class, unhappy life because of these factors, even though the environment that she grew up and lived in was never on her side. Pheoby Watson – Janie’s best friend in Eatonville. Pheoby is the only towns person whoRead MoreWhose eyes were watching God?1400 Words   |  6 PagesWhose eyes were watching God? In the movie Their Eyes Were Watching God, Oprah Winfrey manipulates events that happened in the book by Zora Neale Hurston. Oprah morphs many relationships in the movie Their Eyes Were Watching God. She changes the role of gender, and also makes changes in Janie’s character strength. Oprah also changes the symbolism in the movie to where some important symbols in the book change to less important roles. Oprah changes many important events in the book Their Eyes WereRead MoreTheir Eyes Were Watching God Essay724 Words   |  3 PagesTHEIR EYES WERE WATCHING GOD ESSAY  ¬Ã‚ ¬ Janie Crawford is surrounded by outward influences that contradict her independence and personal development. These outward influences from society, her grandma, and even significant others contribute to her curiosity. Tension builds between outward conformity and inward questioning, allowing Zora Neal Hurston to illustrate the challenge of choice and accountability that Janie faces throughout the novel. Janie’s Grandma plays an important outward influenceRead MoreEssay on Their Eyes Were Watching God921 Words   |  4 PagesTheir Eyes Were Watching God An Analysis So many people in modern society have lost their voices. Laryngitis is not the cause of this sad situation-- they silence themselves, and have been doing so for decades. For many, not having a voice is acceptable socially and internally, because it frees them from the responsibility of having to maintain opinions. For Janie Crawford, it was not: she finds her voice among those lost within the pages of Zora Neale Hurston’s famed novel, Their Eyes Were WatchingRead MoreTheir Eyes Were Watching God By Zora Hurston Essay1233 Words   |  5 PagesHurston In the novel â€Å"Their Eyes Were Watching God† by Zora Neal Hurston is about a young woman named Janie Crawford who goes on a journey of self discovery to find her independence. The book touches on many themes like gender roles, relations, independence and racism however racism isn’t mainly focused upon in the book which some writers felt should have been. Some felt that the representation of black characters should have been better role models. Zora Hurston’s novel wasn’t like other black literature

Essay on Tim OBriens The Things They Carried - 1128 Words

Tim OBriens The Things They Carried How does death affect the behavior of people? Although death affects everyones behavior differently, knowledge of ones imminent death is a main force behind behavioral changes. This knowledge causes emotions that motivate people to act in ways that they normally would not. In Tim OBriens The Things They Carried,; the knowledge of death and its closeness causes the men in the story to alter their behavior by changing they way they display power, modifying emotions to relieve guilt, and by exhibiting different actions to ease anxiety. Death can change how people display their power or how they use their existing power by altering their behavior. Power is an emotionally strong†¦show more content†¦In the story Lieutenant Cross makes both of the changes after the death of Lavender. He changes his values by acknowledging that Martha was not in love with him and now he would not be in love with her and he also burnt the pictures and letters so he was not looking at them anymore. The guilt that they all felt altered how they acted. Some of the men made jokes about tense situations that were not funny because joking made them feel better. The situation grew lighter by laughter, even though the men knew nothing was funny about their situation, and this knowledge made them feel guilty about their insensitive acts because it violated their values. The way the men dealt with their guilt was by passing the blame or trying not to think about how wrong it was, even though they knew. These kinds of strange reactio ns to normally tense or tragic situations are a way to ease the fear of death. Anxiety about death follows the men everywhere they go and they have many different ways to disguise their fear and many ways to defend against it. The men were ready for everything in the war: they had their radio to call in help, their guns to defend against enemies, and their pride and dignity to disguise fear. Disguising fear is very hard because it is such a strong emotion. Great fear is impossible to hide as evident by the actions of the men when they were involved in the intense fights where they would say Dear Jesus and (flop)Show MoreRelatedTim OBriens The Things They Carried: An Analysis1542 Words   |  6 PagesStudent Network Resources Inc.  ©2003-2010 ________________________________________________________________________ Tim OBriens The Things They Carried is a short story told in the form of a catalogue. OBriens title provides both an accurate description of how the story is organized mainly by lists, with the narrative seeming an almost accidental intrusion but also as a sort of recurrent musical refrain in the text itself. The title phrase is repeated at semi-regular intervals in theRead More The Guilt They Carried in Tim O’Brien’s The Things They Carried1422 Words   |  6 PagesThe Guilt They Carried in Tim O’Brien’s The Things They Carried In the aftermath of a comparatively minor misfortune, all parties concerned seem to be eager to direct the blame to someone or something else. It seems so easy to pin down one specific mistake that caused everything else to go wrong in an everyday situation. However, war is a vastly different story. War is ambiguous, an enormous and intangible event, and it cannot simply be blamed for the resulting deaths for which it is indirectlyRead MoreTim OBriens The Things They Carried Essay1348 Words   |  6 PagesIn Tim OBriens The Things They Carried the issue of maturity is an ever occurring theme within the novel that sets out to tackle and open up for discussion of it on a broader level. Specifically within the chapters Friends and Enemies it is clear that both Lee Strunk and Dave Jensen are wedged in a personal psychological war. This issue faces many young adults but is perverted by the war and the tragic loss of innocent life. Many feel that the purpose of OBriens The Things They Car ried isRead More Tim OBriens The Things They Carried Essay735 Words   |  3 PagesTim OBriens The Things They Carried Culture teaches that men must dispense of ridiculous emotions and remain firm, following expected duties. O’Brien develops this theme of the transition from youth to manhood in his short story, â€Å"The Things They Carried.† Through the protagonist Jimmy Cross, metaphors of weight, and futile ideas of freedom, O’Brien reveals how society expects young men in transition to adulthood to let go of impractical idealism and dwell instead on the cruel reality of theRead MoreReview: Tim OBriens The Things They Carried1610 Words   |  6 PagesIn Tim OBriens The Things They Carried, the main theme is that the young men of Alpha Company carry many physical and emotional burdens which linger on long after the war. As they walked through the jungles and swamps of South Vietnam, they carried weapons, equipment, personal items, and also carried the dead and wounded off the battlefield as well as the guilt for having survived. First Lieutenant Jimmy Cross carried the respons ibility for the men under his command and guilt about the war theyRead MoreEssay about Tim OBriens the Things They Carried1558 Words   |  7 PagesTim OBriens The Things They Carried is not a novel about the Vietnam War. It is a story about the soldiers and their experiences and emotions that are brought about from the war. OBrien makes several statements about war through these dynamic characters. He shows the violent nature of soldiers under the pressures of war, he makes an effective antiwar statement, and he comments on the reversal of a social deviation into the norm. By skillfully employing the stylistic technique of specificRead MoreThe Struggle of Weight in Tim OBriens The Things They Carried1315 Words   |  6 PagesThe Struggle of Weight in Tim OBriens The Things They Carried The Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary defines the word weight as a mass or quantity of something taken up and carried, conveyed, or transported. Tim OBriens war story The Things They Carried, published in 1990, explores the theme of weight and its importance to men at war in considerable depth. The opening chapter of this book, which was originally written as a short story, is comprised of a collection of lists. OBrien detailsRead MoreMilitary Life in Vietnam in Tim O’Brien’s The Things They Carried1563 Words   |  7 Pages The Things They Carried is a story based on the experiences of young American soldiers fighting during the Vietnam War. The story begins giving you insight into the thoughts of the soldiers, describing to you what they humped along with them through their walk in the deep jungle of Vietnam. Some of those things were necessities P-38 can openers, pocket knives, heat tabs, wristwatches, dog tags, mosquito repellent, chewing-gum, candy, cigarettes, salt tablets (81) and some were objects to giveRead MoreTim OBriens, the Things They Carried Critical Essay on Ptsd1360 Words   |  6 Pagesdrop the object because it was too much to bear? Tim O’brien’s novel, The Things They Carried, is about men in the middle of the Vietnam War just trying to survive. These men, like all soldiers, carried many things ranging from the physical items of war to the emotional and mental weight that comes along with the horrors of war. â€Å"They carried all they could bear, and then some, i ncluding a silent awe for the terrible power of the things they carried.†(O’brien,7) I believe in this novel, O’brien givesRead MoreCharacter Comparison in Tim OBriens The Things They Carried553 Words   |  3 Pages The central theme of the story is the age-old conflict of life and death. On a more personal level with First Lieutenant Jimmy Cross, the round character and protagonist of The Things They Carried, it is a conflict of love, his antagonist and of war. The author, Tim OBrien, is writing about an experience of a tour in the Vietnam conflict. This short story deals with inner conflicts of some individual soldiers and how they chose to deal with the realities of the Vietnam conflict

Essay on Fathead Commercial Analysis - 533 Words

American culture has become littered with commercials the past few decades. It does not matter if you are watching television or reading a magazine, you are bound to come across some advertisement promoting a product that you supposedly need to make life easier. James Twitchell even goes on to say that â€Å"The culture we live in is carried on the back of advertising† (Twitchell). Some commercials try to woo you in with sappy songs and sad images, while others take a path that will create good feelings and laughter that will leave you thinking about their product all day. Fathead, a company that sells huge life-like posters of athletes and other popular figures, takes the latter approach to selling their product. Their new â€Å"Clay Matthews,†¦show more content†¦Matthews also makes many sarcastic remarks to the supposed home owners. The commercial even shows a cat with a bag full of money robbing the house. The way Matthews applies comedic satire to the commercial leaves people with a warm, funny feeling that makes them want a fathead, which is the whole point of producing the commercial. Just as many other companies use testimonial to endorse their products, Fathead exploits the popularity of Clay Matthews to sell fatheads. Matthews is an NFL superstar that is beloved by many sports fanatics. Matthews is also perfect for selling fatheads because the majority of fatheads are sports orientated. While having someone as popular as Clay Matthews is already enough to bring in big profit, Fathead also puts him in a comedic light, which only adds to the amount of support Fathead earns. With an adored figure like Clay Matthews selling products, it is highly likely for that commercial to succeed. Fathead most likely had huge success in selling fatheads because their â€Å"Clay Matthews, Handyman† commercial used many popular strategies to bring in customers, such as a friendly setting, comedic appeal, and a powerful testimonial. Fathead used a ll these tactics to produce an almost perfect commercial that will put a smile on anyone’s face. Many commercials may use the same format that Fathead uses but with the combination of a great product and the comedicShow MoreRelatedAdipic Acid43555 Words   |  175 Pages ââ€" ª Monsanto Chemical Company in Pensacola, Florida with annual production capacity of 300,000 tons per annum. In China also there are several major companies that manufacturing adipic acid. Products produced are use to export and commercial use in their own country. In China, local manufacturers opened more than one factory locally and international such as Rhodia of France and BASF of Germany. Currently in Malaysia, it is not producing or manufacturing any adipic acid but they only

Lead and Influence for Malala Yousafzai Describes - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theLead and Influence for Malala Yousafzai Describes. Answer: Malala Yousafzai- A brave Girl from Pakistan (Source: Christina, 2013) Malala Yousafzai is the youngest ever Nobel Prize winner, known for her bravery and courage she portrayed at the age of 11 by standing up for the right to education against Taliban terrorism. Currently she is an advocate of educational rights for girls. She is prominent education activist who strongly believes that education is the human right which should be received by all especially girls. She was shot on her head in school bus, but this didnt stop her from getting education, in fact she ignored all the threatening calls made to her and stood strong for the right to education at such a tender age (Winter, 2014). She was expressed as radiant example that children can be intelligent and savvy advocates for their own rights. Her journey to this fight started back in her hometown when due to terror of Taliban all schools were shut, after which she started writing about such incidents on her blogs. This attracted the attention of BBC Urdu and interviewed her about the situation. She then became a role model for all girls of her home town and broke the stereotype image of girls who are restrained from receiving education. Yousafzai now works as human right advocate for girl education (Tolentino, Uhl, Ahmad, 2015). She being inspired by leaders like Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto and Muhammad Ali Jinnah started her discussion about education in September 2008 (Rick, 2009). In front of local press club she questioned the audience by stating that "How dare the Taliban take away my basic right to education?" Her speech was circulated in the country by the means of newspaper and television channels. She did numerous activities which attracted the worlds attention. She initiated Malala fund and invested it in small countries so that nobody is deprived from getting educated. She promised to fund $3 billion for education of girls at Clinton global initiatives. Also she tried to help many developing countries to increase their literacy rate by funding them through her Malala Fund. She led a new change in the world by making people attentive to gain educational right. Also she helped Syrian refugee children to shelter themselves in Jordon; she believes that humanity shall be served equally to all (Couch, 2014). She also became a part of open minds Pakistan youth program to aware students about their social rights and justice. Her motto is to spread awareness among people for education and its importance in life. She says that she wants to spread her story not because it is unique, instead its not as it is the story of many other girls as well. Despite of attacks she became more influential and inspiring for girls of Pakistan. Her life events are inspiration for all, also her work is remarked under books and documents namely, I am Malala and He named me Malala respectively. She is a strong and a bold woman who faced many challenges in life, which made her a determined person. She now aims to help women stand up for their human rights (Ryder, 2015). References Christina, L. (2013). Malala Yousafzai Describes Moment She Was Shot Point-Blank by Taliban. Viewed on July 24, 2017 from https://abcnews.go.com/International/malala-yousafzai-describes-moment-shot-point-blank-taliban/story?id=20459542 Couch, R. (2014). The 5 Most Important Things Malala Has Done In 2014. Viewed on July 24, 2017 from https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/malala-nobel-peace-prize-winner-important_n_5965490 Ryder, P. M. (2015). Beyond critique: Global activism and the case of malala yousafzai. Literacy in Composition Studies, 3(1), 175-187. Tolentino, E. P., Uhl, J. O., Ahmad, I. (2015). The Nobel Peace Prize: Malala, A Girl Determined to Go to School. Social Education, 79(1), 18-21. Winter, J. (2014). Malala, a brave girl from Pakistan/Iqbal, a brave boy from Pakistan: Two stories of bravery. Simon and Schuster. Westhead, Rick (26 October 2009). "Brave defiance in Pakistan's Swat Valley". Toronto Star. Retrieved from https://www.thestar.com News World on 25th July,2017.

The Catcher In The Rye 3 Essay Example For Students

The Catcher In The Rye 3 Essay Sometimes characters can allow a strong feeling or emotion todominate their lives.;Holden allows the strong feelings and emotions of death, society, schooland innocence to dominate his life. Holden is a very sensitive boy who can notignore his problems, instead he dwells on them. These feelings and emotionsare dominant because Holden believes strongly in them. The strong negative feelings that Holden has for his school and itscommunity are present because of its concern for an image. When students donot put in they are expelled to keep the schools high academic rating, This isrepresented when Holden says I got the axe. They give guys the axe quitefrequently at Pencey.; he does not like this as it does not allow students to beindividuals and be who they really want to be. Another reason Holden dislikesschool so much is because the way teachers have an unfair authority over theirstudents. Mr Spencer used his authority when he read out Holdens paper. We will write a custom essay on The Catcher In The Rye 3 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now holden thought this was rude and said I dont think Ill ever forgive him forreading me that crap out loud. I wouldntve read it out loud to him if hedwritten it I really wouldnt.;Holden is not fond of the society that he lives in. It is a superficialsociety that worships the movies and actors because they portray a type ofliving that seems wonderful, although it is very false. Holden does not like themovies, he views them as a world that people wish they could be in. Anexample of this is when Holden says If there is one thing I hate, its themovies.; Holden also dislikes the actors. He feels that they do not act likecommon people instead they act more like they knew they were celebrities;and that annoyed him because he can not understand why people admire themso much. He thinks that actors are shallow and create an even biggermisconception on life. Holdens way to cope with society is to wear his redhunting hat in public. This is a way for him to demonstrate that he is differentand that he will not conform to the way society and people want him to. This isshown when he calls his hat a people shooting hat;. Holden feels that societyis too concerned with materialism and appearance and he does not want to beea part of it and this is why he wears his red hunting hat. The death of Holdens bother has effected him tremendously. WhenAllie died Holden revealed to us that he broke all the windows in the garage;with his bare fists. When Holden felt lonely he would think of Allie, this isrepresented when Holden is walking down a street and at the end of everyblock he would say ; Allie, dont let me disappear. Please Allie.; Anotherreason why death dominates Holdens life is because Allie is one of the fewpeople he actually likes. When Pheobe told him angrily that Allie was deadHolden said ;Just because somebodys dead, you dont just stop liking them,for Gods sake especially if they were about a thousand times nicer than thepeople you know thatre alive and all.;Trying to maintain peoples innocence is something that Holden stronglybelieves in. It is a quality that he thinks people should never lose and go into afalse and deceptive world. Holden especially wants to stop children fromentering this world and because of this Holden said that if children are runn ingon a cliff and they dont look where theyre going I have to come out fromsomewhere and catch them. Thats all Id do all day.I know its crazy, butthats the only thing Id really like to be.; He wants to be the person whomakes them see that the world is a hypocritical place to belong to and that theyshould try to avoid it as much as they can. This shows us how strongly Holdenfeels about preserving peoples innocence and individuality. .u6aebaaee3d1b54c53ae25b808f65fb49 , .u6aebaaee3d1b54c53ae25b808f65fb49 .postImageUrl , .u6aebaaee3d1b54c53ae25b808f65fb49 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6aebaaee3d1b54c53ae25b808f65fb49 , .u6aebaaee3d1b54c53ae25b808f65fb49:hover , .u6aebaaee3d1b54c53ae25b808f65fb49:visited , .u6aebaaee3d1b54c53ae25b808f65fb49:active { border:0!important; } .u6aebaaee3d1b54c53ae25b808f65fb49 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6aebaaee3d1b54c53ae25b808f65fb49 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6aebaaee3d1b54c53ae25b808f65fb49:active , .u6aebaaee3d1b54c53ae25b808f65fb49:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6aebaaee3d1b54c53ae25b808f65fb49 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6aebaaee3d1b54c53ae25b808f65fb49 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6aebaaee3d1b54c53ae25b808f65fb49 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6aebaaee3d1b54c53ae25b808f65fb49 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6aebaaee3d1b54c53ae25b808f65fb49:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6aebaaee3d1b54c53ae25b808f65fb49 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6aebaaee3d1b54c53ae25b808f65fb49 .u6aebaaee3d1b54c53ae25b808f65fb49-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6aebaaee3d1b54c53ae25b808f65fb49:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The character traits of macbeth EssayThe feelings and emotions that Holden allows to dominate his life are allimportant to him, which is expressed during the novel. Holden allows them todominate because they are something that he believes strongly in, even thoughthey bring back bad memories and things he is not fond of.

Gospel

Gospel Gospel Gospel By Maeve Maddox The word gospel entered Old English as a translation of a Latin phrase meaning â€Å"good tidings† or â€Å"good news†: god (good) + spell (speech, message). â€Å"The Gospel† (capitalized) is the â€Å"good news† that Jesus Christ redeemed mankind from sin and death. â€Å"A gospel† is one of the four books in the New Testament (Matthew, Mark, Luke, John) that record the life and teachings of Jesus. By extension, gospel may refer to the entire body of religious doctrine taught by Jesus Christ and the apostles. The word is also used to refer to all the books of the New Testament, or even to all 66 books in both testaments, from Genesis to Revelation. In a broader sense, any heavenly revelation may be called a gospel: God writes the Gospel not in the Bible alone, but also on trees, and in the flowers and clouds and stars. –Martin Luther. A gospel may be any secular philosophy that serves as a guide to human conduct. A doctrine or opinion that is strongly held and preached with a religious fervor is also referred to as a gospel. For example: I wouldnt really advocate going to other sites and preaching the gospel of feminism to those that didnt ask for it. When they hear someone like me preaching the Gospel of firearms, they assume that I’m some kind of radical who wants everyone to be armed. The phrase â€Å"The Gospel According to† is an extremely popular title opener: The Gospel According to Coco Chanel The Gospel According to Disney The Gospel According to Thomas Jefferson, Charles Dickens and Count Leo Tolstoy The Gospel According to Dr. Seuss The Gospel According to Yoda The psychologist William James wrote an essay called, â€Å"The Gospel of Relaxation,† and Atlantic journalist Ta-Nehisi Coates has written an article with the title â€Å"The Gospel of Rudy Giuliani.† Finally, there are some idioms that employ the word gospel: the social gospel The application of Christian ethics to social problems like poverty and crime. the gospel of wealth The belief that the accumulation of vast wealth by a few is beneficial to all of society. the gospel side The north side of a Christian church, to the left of the main altar. The person reading the day’s gospel selection stands there. hot gospeller A revivalist preacher who has a lively delivery. gospel music A music genre that combines dominant vocals and strong harmony with Christian lyrics. the gospel truth Unimpeachable truth. For example, â€Å"I didn’t steal your lunch, and that’s the gospel truth!† While not an idiom, the phrase â€Å"the synoptic gospels† is frequently seen or heard in discussions of the Christian New Testament. Of the four gospels that focus on the life and teachings of Jesus, three contain such similar content–in almost the same order– that they can be studied in parallel editions. The synoptic gospels are the books of Matthew, Mark, and Luke. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:25 Subordinating ConjunctionsProbable vs. PossibleShow, Don't Tell

Criminal Justice System of America and Britain Research Paper

Criminal Justice System of America and Britain - Research Paper Example Still, there are many differences and similarities between the judicial systems in these countries. The first difference occurs, when American lawyers are defense attorneys, notwithstanding that they prefer to call themselves â€Å"trial lawyers†. British lawyers name them â€Å"solicitors, representing people’s legal needs and barristers, who take the cases to civil or criminal courts† (Carter, 2001). The differences should be found not at the verbal level, but at much deeper conceptual and historical levels. Similarities and differences between the US and UK legal systems As far as we can see, there can be found a lot of parallels between English Common Law and the American legal system, many differences exist as well. It is relevant to trace the deep historical roots of legal system of these countries, because â€Å"the life of the law has not been logic, it has been experience...the law embodies the story of a nation's development through many centuries..." (Carter, 2001). There is no Supreme Court in the Great Britain and a government is positioned as a totally separated unity from the legal process. The House of Lords performs a function of the highest justice and represents the â€Å"court of highest appeal†. (Carter, 2001) In America, state courts are separated from federal courts, but in Britain the lowest criminal courts â€Å"Magistrate's Courts† exist.... In England there is Home Secretary, who is responsible for the criminal justice system and Wales and advising the Queen on the royal prerogative of mercy to pardon exercise given to a person who is convicted of a crime. In accordance with the US Constitution, the President has a power of a pardon (of course, this mainly happens on the basis of political considerations about the cases). Therefore, it is evident that legal and judicial systems are more separated from each other in the US. On the basis of the difference of the legal systems in Britain and America, it is clearly seen that the US Constitution is the leading legal document in America. The Judiciary has the control over its own actions and the Executive or Legislative branches can obtrude in this process. Another interesting fact is that the Executive branch is responsible for appointments of federal judges and judges in the Supreme Court. The Congress has a right to either approve or disapprove such kind of appointment. Th erefore, on the basis of these facts the independence of the American judiciary can be questioned. The differences between judicial systems between these two countries occurred after the Revolution, when â€Å"American law became, in some ways, More than less English....The law later needed was not to be found in the colonial past....Only England had a supply that American lawyers could use without translation or transformation." (Knight, 1996) Still, the majority of lawyers and critics claim that the development of the judicial system should be a more dynamical process. In order to accommodate republican versus monarchial system of Britain, America

Money Market Mutual Funds Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Money Market Mutual Funds - Essay Example Money market funds are viewed widely as investments that are as safe as deposits in the bank that provide returns that are higher than those of bank deposits are. Money market funds often store money that at the time is not in current investment due to the funds high liquidity. In the United States, the first money market fund was the brainchild Henry B. R. Brown and Bruce R. Bent in 1971 in the form of The Reserve Fund. It offered investors an opportunity of earning small rates on their cash, preserved in the fund (Scott-Quin). The rates were paid out in form of dividends to the investors. Many more money market funds sprung up in the United States thereafter. The Investment Company Act of 1940 of the Securities and Exchange Commission deals with regulating the money market funds within the United States. The act contains guidelines that restrict the maturity, diversity, and quality of money market funds’ investments. A money fund buys the debt that is the highest rated with a maturity of less than thirteen months. A weighted average maturity of at most 60 days and a maximum of 5% investing for every issuer excluding repurchase agreements and securities of the government constitute the portfolio (U.S Congress 21). A FIDC insured account is an account in a bank involved in the FIDC program that has met the required standards needed for insurance by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FIDC). There are a number of account types that can qualify for this program, ranging from money market deposit and certificate of deposit to savings, NOW, and checking accounts. Deposits made in these accounts are FIDC-insured deposits and a maximum of $250,000 for every account is insurable by the FIDC. These deposits have some similarities as well as differences to the money market mutual funds. Both money market mutual funds and FIDC-insured deposits have high liquidity and flexibility levels (Garman and Forgue 154). Access of the money in the accounts in both typ es of investments is possible through making ATM withdrawals and writing checks whenever the money has needs. Money market mutual fund shares are redeemable at any time on a daily basis, though the fund may require a minimum account balance. The funds also often allow shareholders to write checks reflected on their individual account balances availing the use of shares for transactions. The FDIC insured investments, also known as money market deposit accounts give access to money in the accounts to the investors without charging penalties for early withdrawals. The two investments are both considered investment options with low risks. The accounts pay an interest rate that is higher than that of a passbook savings account (Thomas 208). In case the investment goes wrong, the FDIC, in the case of FDIC insured bank deposits, steps in and compensates for the loss in terms of insurance payments. Though it is not an investor’s right, if the money market mutual fund investment fails , there is a rare occurrence called â€Å"Breaking the buck† where the dividend per share paid to shareholders is the standard $1 per share with the losses covered . The key difference between these two types of market accounts is the insurance of the accounts. The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation is a government agency that insures banks and bank accounts. Money market deposits in banks that

The Use Of Celebrities In Advertising Cultural Studies Essay

The Use Of Celebrities In Advertising Cultural Studies Essay In my third and last year as an Office Management student I had the assignment of writing a paper for the International Marketing course. I could choose one of the teachers topics or find one myself. I have decided to pick the topic: the differences between Western and Asian culture. This was one of the many subjects offered by the teacher. There is a lot to say about this aspect, which is why I have decided to pick two countries and to dig deeper in their culture, and their point of view regarding to advertisement. The United States and Japan will be discussed in this document and I will add several examples to give a better view on the subject. I have chosen these two countries because they are totally different from each other, what makes it the more or less easy to spot differences. The United States is for me the place to be when it comes to celebrity endorsement. Even though the two cultures are not the same, there is a link and this will be explained in the paper. I expect to receive better understanding of the two cultures but also have a look behind the scenes. I am anxious to learn whether the use of celebrity does have impact on the brand and if that impact is positive for the brand. The paper will be handled in English. I have chosen to do so, because the course and my exam were in English, and the fact that the teacher did an effort to speak in English during the course, I have found it disrespectful not to make the same effort and write this paper in English. Before starting with my main subject I would like to explain some basic things. The term celebrity is widely used for every person that comes on TV. But for companies and brands, they are more than that. Furthermore I will start with the use of celebrity, mainly in the States and tackle the marketing strategy a little bit. My paper consists of two countries, that is why Japan will come next. The differences between these two countries will be tackled by the end along with some examples. A celebrity isà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Also called a celeb and it is a person that is generally recognized in a society or a culture. People can become famous in different ways: through their profession, appearances in the mass media, beauty and even crime. Through mass media, starting in the 19th and 20th century, celebrities are known in a relatively short time nationally or internationally. This can sometimes occur very fast. Like Neil Armstrong being the first man walking over/on the moon in 1969, got famous in a nick of time. Celebrities appear in public in a different way, you and me can walk on the street unnoticed without anybody carrying. For celebs it is the other way around, they are walking advertising poles. From head to toe fans analyse the clothes and brands they are wearing. Furthermore they appear in public when fulfilling their jobs, like a tennis player in front of an audience. And also while attending events, like the Academy Awards, premieres of movies, etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The news, fashion magazines and even tabloids provide second source information concerning their private life. Besides doing what they do, they also endorse a brand, and act as spokespeople in advertising and on events to promote their brand. Or should I say the brand they work for. The most logical question is does this celebrity endorsement do some good to the brand? A study of Till, Stanley, Priluck in 2008 explains us that celebrity endorsement is used in marketing, because it is believed that the consumers perception of the product improves. According to McCracken (1989) a celebrity endorser is an individual who has gained public awareness and uses this awareness in commercials and advertisements on behalf of consumer products. The use of celebrities in advertising: the States When Nike started collaborating with golf icon Tiger Woods, there was a lot of scepticism about the introduction of NIKE to the golf market.  Indeed, the image of NIKE was not consistent with the image of the elite sport of golf.  It is through the use of Tiger Woods in the marketing strategy that NIKE could successfully position itself in the golf market. Nike is one of the many multinationals which makes use of celebrity endorsers in its marketing strategy. Other famous brands that call upon a celebrity to endorse are Pepsi with David Beckham. The famous advertising commercials of Nepresso where we admire a charismatic George Clooney. For companies it is very interesting to make use of celebrity endorsers since advertisements with celebrities, creates more attention than ads or commercials without celebrities.   The celebrity endorser is not necessarily an actor or a movie star, there may for example also be considered athletes, musicians, artists and politicians. Although he passed away a long time ago, in this ad we see one of the United States most popular president, John F. Kennedy for an Omega advertising. However it is not so that celebrity endorsement guarantees success.  The success of using this marketing strategy depends on the values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹that the celebrity endorser gives to the product.  It is even possible that the celebritys own image and values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹can be transferred to the product. Not only theory but also practice has shown us that the use of celebrities generates a lot of publicity. Yet these endorsements can cost a lot of money to companies. For instance Venus Williams has signed a five-year contract worth 40 million dollars, to promote and endorse Reebok. Back in the days when he was the most popular athlete in the World, Michael Jordan had signed a contract for 20 million dollars with NIKE. This proved to be very lucrative for Nike, because the AIR Jordan was for a long time very famous and every teen on the block bought the shoe. All of these celebrities gain more from endorsement contracts than from the sport they practice. That is why celebrity endorsements increase every year. In 2007, celebrities in the United States were used in 25% of all TV commercials. What is marketing communication? A company has many audiences. Consumers and other customers are only a small part of the target groups. Marketing communication can be described as getting in touch with trade and or consumers to influence their knowledge, attitudes and behaviour in a direction that is favourable for the marketing policy. The different marketing communication tools are used to influence positively the choices of the (potential) consumers. These marketing tools can be deployed at different levels. A distinction is made between the cognitive, affective and conative phase. Within the cognitive phase, the goal is to familiarize the customer with the product or the company. The affective phase is aimed at the emotions. Within this phase the customer needs to develop emotions and feelings towards the product or the company. The conative and affective phase can often be combined. In the conative stage, the customer actually makes a purchase. It is obvious that all companies aim to fulfil the last phase. A little bit of marketing strategy In this part of the paper I will dig a little bit deeper in the marketing strategy. The celebrity needs to match the brand, they are not randomly chosen by companies, just for fun. It is a whole strategy and a detailed process that comes along. I will also talk about what is important to guarantee the success of the brand and on what companies focus when choosing their celebrities. It can be said that celebrity endorsement is widely used because research indicates that the impact of celebrity endorsement is a positive investment in the marketing of a brand. However, it is not always successful. It is important for companies that they use celebrities in an efficient way in their strategy. The question is whether celebrity endorsement is the way to go when introducing new products into the market. Research indicates that about half of the marketing budget is spent on marketing when launching new products. Companies are willing to spend a lot of money, because on average 40% of product launches fail. Because so much money is spent on the marketing of new products, there is a greater chance that many companies will opt for celebrities in their commercials and ads (advertisements). This is one of the most expensive options within marketing communications. The focus is therefore on the impact of celebrity endorsement in marketing strategies of new products. With the introduction of new products, consumer uncertainty is relatively higher than the existing products. This consumer uncertainty should be removed with a good marketing policy. With high consumer uncertainty, new products should be brought more to the attention of consumers than already existing products. So that the consumers uncertainty is no longer present. It may also be noted that consumers dealing with new products still have no awareness of the product and thus no positive attitude is yet developed. This is necessary because it leads to purchase intent. Two dimensions: Attractiveness and credibility If companies want their brand to be successful throughout the help of a celebrity, there are two dimensions that they must take into account. The two dimensions of interest are namely the attractiveness and credibility of the celebrity. Several studies indicate that these two dimensions may be crucial for the success of celebrity endorsement in marketing strategy. In addition to these dimensions they also take a look at the match-up principle and the ability to use multiple celebrities in an add or advertisement. The match-up principle will be treated in this paper as this is a generally accepted principle in the choice of celebrity endorsement. Attractiveness of the celebrity The first dimension is to take into account the attractiveness of the celebrity. If an attractive celebrity is used, it is more likely that awareness is created among the target audience than when using an unattractive celebrity. This awareness is eventually to be transformed into a positive attitude of the brand. The attractiveness of the celebrity has namely a positive effect on the attitude of consumers towards the brand or product advertising .The dimension attractiveness of the celebrity is formed by the physical appearance, intelligence, athletic ability and the lifestyle of the celebrity. Based on these factors the company should decide which celebrity is suitable for his or her product or brand. Credibility of the celebrity The second dimension concerns the credibility of the celebrity. Credibility is divided into two factors: expertise and trustworthiness. Expertise of the celebrity is perceived by consumers on the basis of the allegations that the celebrity is doing in advertising. Reliability, however, is perceived as to whether the celebrity can achieve the results from the advertising or ad in his real life. Research shows that companies with good credibility factors interact within the advertising, as the celebrities generally are regarded as credible. This is crucial because the credibility of the celebrity can affect the opinions, attitudes and behaviour of the target group. The match-up principle The success of the collaboration between celebrity and the brand or product depends to a large extent on the match-up principle. The match-up basically revolves around the congruence (being suitable and appropriate) between the celebrity and the brand or product. With congruence, I mean the consistency between the characteristics of the celebrity and the product attributes. This is particularly important because the celebrity can convey its values on the product or brand without changing the product or brand image. A good match-up creates a more positive attitude of the consumers. I personally hate to see ads that use celebrities when it is obvious that the celebrity does not match the brand at all. To explain the match-up principle better, I will briefly discuss the three phases: Phase 1: In this stage, a number of values are associated with the celebrity. These values occur on the basis of the celebs appearances in the (mass) media. Consumers understand the significance and reflect it on the celebrity. Phase 2: In this phase, the values and image of the celebrity are associated with the product, through an official endorsement. Phase 3: During this phase, the values, by working with the brand or product, clearly belong to the consumer. Because the consumers associate the values of the celebrity with the values of the product they will proceed to purchase and consume the product. Multiple celebrities in an advertising or promotional One way to merge the above factors is the use of several celebrities in an advertisement or promotion. The company must then choose celebrities who complement each other within the advertising or ad. This could be, for example, the attractiveness of the celebrities chosen for an athlete and someone with an intelligent mind. To ensure credibility, a knowledgeable person and a trustworthy person can be used. Gillette, for example, is a company that applies several celebrities in its ads by using Roger Federer, Thierry Henry and Tiger Woods. An important argument for the choice of several celebrities in the marketing of a company, in these ways different audiences can be reached on the basis of a celebrity who fits in this group. When using multiple celebrities, multiple values will be linked to the product. The risks of celebrity endorsements Although there are examples that indicate that celebrity endorsement can be a good idea, there are the necessary risks. When it is assumed that all conditions of the right person for the right product are satisfied, there are two points to worry about. The greatest risk is the celebrity itself. Celebrity branding is all about transferring the value of a person on a product. The two concerns are: How long will the fame remain, and can the celebrity retain its status? The second concern is the life of celebrity, his personal integrity. If he is embroiled in a scandal, that could destroy the brand. Before Michael Jackson ended in a scandal, he had a successful deal with Pepsi. Naturally Pepsi had to stop the contract in order to prevent damage to the brand. Also O.J. Simpson was once the face of a car rental company. After the accusations of the murder of his wife, his contract was also stopped. It is very bad for a brand to be associated with an alleged murderer or paedophile. Although there are brands that hire intentionally stars with a wrong image, this is a risky step. Pepsi made again a wrong decision, by taking this risk to use hip-hop star Ludacris in its campaigns. Ludacris disrespectful attitude and his rap songs full with cursing did not match-up with the brand. After a campaign was started by a conservative politician against this endorsement, Pepsi was forced by public pressure to stop the deal with Ludacris. Although one should avoid bad publicity, it is a fact that on the international market celebrity endorsements are very suitable to create a distinctive brand. That the rules of celebrity endorsement in Japan differ from those of the West is largely due to the difference in culture, more on that later. Brands must be careful with the choices they make. When they choose a celebrity with the right personality traits, these characteristics will also be awarded to the brand and the brand will take advantage from it. If the wrong person is chosen his or her personality traits will be awarded to the brand causing the end of the brand. Very well accepted and attractive super stars like Bruce Willis and Whitney Houston failed in turning their endorsements into success. Simply assuming that a person just has to be famous to represent a brand is incorrect. A considerable number of failures prove the opposite. In the figure below you can see some of the endorsements that turned out to be a success or a failure. Lets go Asian: Japan and its celebrity endorsement In East Asian countries like Japan and South Korea, many celebrities are used in advertising. In Japan, 70 % of TV commercials use a celebrity from the sports, music, film, and fashion or entertainment business. Celebrities are used as endorsers with a statement about the quality of the product / brand or are shown only in relation to the brand /product. The idea is that the values and associations of the celebrity will be transferred to the brand and the brand by the user. Moreover, it is a form of product differentiation as other awards from competing brands is not possible or desirable. But why is the use of celebrities in Japan so much greater than in the United States and Europe? In Japan they do not only use Western and Japanese celebrities, but also talents. These are young Japanese who are on their way to the top in the worlds of fashion, music, film and entertainment. Advertising for these talents is their way to fame. Japanese advertising does not only use the reputation and associations of established celebrities, but also creates celebrities. And this goes a step further than the ads in the States. Japanese talents are normal people like you and me. They are slightly good looking, pretty much the girl or boy next door. They form a peer group with which one can easily identify. In a collectivist culture belonging to a group or identifying with that group is very important. In Japanese advertising values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹related to face and harmony lead to an indirect communication style. They feel uncomfortable with a commercial that takes that emphasise on situations or facts. A direct approach is seen as an insult to the intelligence of the consumer. The goal of advertising in the Japanese ads is to make the consumer your friend, to win his trust and respect. This goal can be achieved by entertaining the audience. Identification of the brand, the company name or product in the commercial is less important than the pleasant voices of consumers. Japanese advertisers generally use much of the time in the commercial for building trust, understanding and dependence. The result is a kind of advertising that appeals to the imagination and few to the facts. Advertising show usually no product attributes, the fun of advertising is more important. In Japanese commercials you see serenity, and nature symbols. The tone of voice is indirect, subtle, with lots of symbolism. Comparative advertising is a confrontation and is therefore seen as denigrating the competition. This is in conflict with the Asian value of harmony. The style and manner of presentation is important. A pretty picture, a story or a poem can be important parts of the advertisement. Values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹and appeals found in their advertising are respect for elders. The relationship of man with nature / the unity with nature is often the subject of advertising. Japanese are crazy about celebrities. A product is often associated with celebrities, who often represent the target. If Western models, celebrities or situat ions are used, it is only as a symbol of prestige and status: they are not intended to illustrate the western values. In Japan, a part of television and popular culture is strongly linked to the entertainment world. Songs are often especially composed for use in commercials. Differences between Western and Asian cultures There are several cultural differences that may explain the use of celebrities. While the American culture is characterized by individualism, in Japan it is more the collectivist culture. In a collectivist culture they emphasize on conformity, adaptation and obedience. We, the European and American see this as negative values, but in Japan, this is well appreciated. Celebrities fit better in a collectivist than an individualist culture. In Japan they highly look up to celebrities, especially a Western celebrity. You will also see many Western celebrities in Japanese advertising, which I will explain later on. The power distance is quite large. The statements of celebrities are followed uncritically because they are not famous for nothing. Their values rays on the brand that they support, and also on the user of that brand. Power distance and individualism-collectivism are the key explanations for the difference between East Asian and Western countries. These are two of the four Hofst ede dimensions of culture. For the other two dimensions (uncertainty avoidance and masculine-feminine) there is no large difference, even though Japan is the most masculine country in the world. In a masculine country performance and success are central, in a feminine country caring for others and quality of life is more important. Advertising is strongly influenced by culture, especially in comparisons between East Asia, Europe and North America. But even between Asian countries there are cultural differences. Some campaigns may be used in several countries, but in most cases adaptation is necessary to make an effective campaign. And in many cases adaptation is inadequate and separate campaigns must be developed for each country taking into account the national culture. View of Western culture on celebrity endorsement Celebrities and marketing go well together. There is indeed a lot of money to distribute. A study of GMI revealed that consumers, especially in the Western world are almost insensitive to the advertisements with celebrities. The celebrity endorsement, according to the agency GMI might not be as effective as many believe. In certain western markets, the strategy used did not succeed to increase the value of the product nor to persuade the consumer to buy the product The researchers note that the effectiveness of celebrity endorsement in promoting brands depends on the local culture. In the Western world they are the most indifferently towards the use of celebrities in advertising, tells GMI. In the United States 79% of the respondents indicated that a celebrity has no effect on the way they think about a product. Only 13% admitted that through celebrity endorsement the value of the brand increases. But in Japan, it is a completely different situation, said GMI. In Japan, 60% thinks that celebrities give a product more value. The study also shows that consumer find other techniques such as free samples, mouth-to-mouth are more efficient than celebrity endorsements. These techniques influence their buying behaviour slightly more. In the United States 34% of the consumers think this way. In Japan, 29% of those surveyed found advertising after the free samples the most efficient way to convert to a purchase. It took word-of-mouth advertising only 12%. Celebrity endorsement has proved most successful, implying that celebrities played an important role in their purchasing decision. Global media can create global stars. But consumers are much more sophisticated and less inclined to swallow simple, uniform marketing messages. The great indifference of consumers in the West may even be a sign that celebrity endorsement can have the opposite effect and repel consumers. American finest celebrities head to Japan Many American stars earn large sums of money by linking themselves to brands as a spokesperson by recommending certain products. Others appear nowhere in advertising because they do not want their fans to think they are selling out. However, many of these stars cannot resist the temptation to go abroad and appear in commercials and ads. Nowhere is this truer than in Japan. Even the richest and most famous people do not just say no to advertisers who pay them one to three million U.S. dollars for a couple of hours of work. And this is for a commercial that lasts 15 to 20 seconds. Mega stars like Meg Ryan, Demi Moore, Brad Pitt and Harrison Ford received millions to appear in a Japanese commercial. Meg Ryan makes recommendations for cosmetics and tea, Brad Pitt promotes tins of coffee and jeans, and Demi Moore tries to persuade the Japanese audience to purchase protein drinks. Ford received several millions to appear shirtless on ads and commercials for Kirin Beer (see below). Sometime s stars are even forced to change their image and personality to better suit the style of advertising, this is needed to fit the Japanese companies. Even the Japanese public has a different flavour than people in the West are used to have. What we, in Europe and the U.S., perceive as cheap is seen in Japan as a very normal and effective way to advertise. In a commercial for shampoo, famous actor Dennis Hopper appeared in a bathtub player with a rubber duck. There are several reasons why Japanese companies are willing to pay large amounts for these stars. Many Japanese are fascinated by the American culture and American stars. It also gives a brand an American international star status. In Japanese commercials, style and atmosphere are more important than dull product information and testimonials. Japanese are very sensitive to entertainment. Because a commercial in Japan only last 15 seconds, a western star is easily recognized and the attention of the viewer is directly captured, w hich is more worth than money. American film studios also encourage celebrities to appear in Japanese commercial lay. In this way it is easier for American films to attract the Asian population. Often the release of a new film and the appearance of the star of this film in Japanese ads fall together. While many stars go abroad for advertising, they all try to protect their image at home. There are even clauses in the contracts stating that the commercial must not be shown outside of Japan and sometimes even be discussed. With the growth of the Internet it is possible that stars like Arnold Schwarzenegger secrecy about their advertising activities are likely to remain unnoticed for the American public. Above you have just read why Japanese are less picky when it comes to match-up than for example in America. Also it seems that the credibility aspect is less of an issue in Japan. If you are a celebrity, youre in Japan, by definition, credible, match up or not. Yet it is true that these endorsements in Japan are inde ed profitable. The public in Japan is in the long term a lot more loyal than the audience in the West. If a celebrity in Japan is loved, this will remain even if the celebrity has disappeared from the spotlight. The website japander.com made an index with all of American celebrities that appear in Japanese advertising. Conclusion I can now say with proud that I have chosen the right countries to tackle this difficult but at the same time interesting topic. I am sure that many students would think that it is easy to discuss this subject, because there is a lot of information on the internet and in books. Well I can tell them that a lot of information makes it harder to write something, because it is up to the writer to eliminate unnecessary information and to write in a way that is readers friendly. My hardest task was to make sure that I removed what is not relevant and to dig deeper in the part that was relevant. Thanks to experienced authors such as Grant McCracken, Stanley and many others it became easier for me to understand what I was writing about. Their view on culture and celebrities and the way they explain it was a relief to me. This paper taught me that celebrities take a big bite in the budget of a company. Nevertheless this kind of technique in marketing is increasing and will remain because stud y does show us that it is very profitable for a brand to use a celebrity. Even though in Japan they do not strictly follow the rule of match-up, I strongly believe that a match-up is needed to make an advertisement successful. Commercials, advertisements and endorsements where the celebrity has got absolutely nothing to do with the product is for me a no go. And in that match-up, according to me the most important aspect is credibility. I am not the first one to go and buy a product once a celebrity tells me to do so, but I could slightly get more interested in the brand if I notice a strong credibility in the ad. After reading several studies, information and documents I can conclude that the use of celebrities, when respecting the two dimensions I discussed in the paper, could have a very positive impact on the brand and the reputation of the company. I know I am supposed to thank in the beginning, but I have decided to do it know. I rather want the teacher to read my paper, so she could notice for herself what I am capable of, before I thank her for the support and counseling throughout the school year. Sources BOOKS Margolis J., Garrigan P., Guerrillamarketing voor dummies, 2008, Pearson Education Benelux, Amsterdam Kotler P., Marketing: de essentie, 2009, Pearson Education Benelux, Amsterdam De Mooij M., Wereldmerken : hoe reclame omgaat met cultuurverschillen, 1998, Alphen aan den Rijn, Samson WEBSITES Joyce Huijsman, Humor doesnttraval: Frank Sinatra spaghetti, (http://joycehuijsman.wordpress.com/2011/09/28/frank-sinatra-spaghetti/) University of Texas at Austin, Celebrity Advertising in Japan and Korea Doing it the Asian Way, PDF, (http://www.perfspot.com/docs/doc.asp?id=110674) The free library, Cultural differences in television celebrity use in the United States and Lebanon, (http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Cultural+differences+in+television+celebrity+use+in+the+United+States-a0208956138) Fred van Raaij, Beroemdheden en cultuur, (http://www.swocc.nl/column/beroemdheden-en-cultuur.php) Managing21, Westerling ongevoelig voor beroemdheden?, (http://managing21.skynetblogs.be/archive/2005/01/24/westerling-ongevoelig-voor-beroemdheden.html) McCann People, Sterren in reclame verleiden niet altijd, (http://mccannpeople.wordpress.com/2009/03/31/sterren-in-reclame-verleiden-niet-altijd/) The Pop history dig; JFK, Pitchman?, (http://www.pophistorydig.com/?tag=politicians-advertising) Colombia Business School, Celebrities impact on branding, PDF, (http://worldlywriter.com/images/portfolio/Proposals/Celebrity_Branding.pdf) Martin Stam, De invloed van celebritiyendorsement in de marketingcommunicatie strategie van nieuwe producten, PDF, (http://arno.uvt.nl/show.cgi?fid=116167) Bart Sikkema, Who will be your next celebrity endorser?, PDF, (http://essay.utwente.nl/58467/1/scriptie_B_Sikkema.pdf) Japander, Celebrity advertising, (http://www.japander.com) IMAGES All of the images were copied from Google (www.google.com) à £Ã†â€™Ã‚ Ãƒ £Ã†â€™Ã‚ ªÃƒ £Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ £Ã†â€™Ã†â€™Ãƒ £Ã†â€™Ã¢â‚¬ ° International Marketing Celebrity endorsement Hollywood

Messages of George Orwells Animal Farm Essay examples -- George Orwel

Messages of George Orwell's Animal Farm Though Animal Farm can be considered nothing more than a charming animal fable depicting a doomed rebellion, its origin is actually of a more serious and political nature. It is not only the tale of Napoleon and Animal Farm, but a satire and commentary on that of the Russian Revolution, Stalin and Communism. For a person to gain a true understanding of Orwell's meaning in Animal Farm, it is best that he or she has an understanding of the political parties and history surrounding Communism, Stalin, and the upheaval and fear that followed Stalin's rise to power. Orwell did not write Animal Farm simply as a bed time story for children, or for a work to be studied by students in their classes. As Alok Rai stated, "Orwell's Animal Farm was a calculated outrage, a deliberately provocative affront to the contemporary admiration for the Soviet Union, whose armies were fighting with epic heroism against Hitler's dread war machine. This background is crucial to a correct understanding of Orwell's brilliantly serious jest" (113). To draw the similarities between Napoleon the pig and Stalin, or Snowball the pig and Trotsky is part of what makes this book so interesting, and to do so one must have some knowledge of the political issues Orwell was writing about at the time. As stated, it is helpful for a person who is reading Animal Farm to have some knowledge of history to fully appreciate the novel. What was the political situation that was taking place during the time in which Orwell wrote Animal Farm? For one, World War II was occurring, though by the time the novel was published it was close to the end of the war. Stalin was in control of the Soviet Union, under a Communist rule, though th... ...ther and, to whomsoever power was entrusted, it was almost certain to be abused. For power was itself corrupting" (147). This can, of course, be one of several different messages that are taken away from the novel by a reader. Does one, then, have to be a political history student to understand all that goes on in Animal Farm? No. History student or not, there are several messages to be found within the novel, which anyone is capable of finding, if it is read properly. However, to fully appreciate all that Orwell attempted to accomplish with Animal Farm, or to see the parallels between the novel and the turmoil of Orwell's reality, it is important to have some grasp of the politics and history of that time. Otherwise, though not all the messages he intended within the pages of Animal Farm will be lost, the majority of ironies and parallels most certainly will be.

The Story of Salt

The book suggested for this book report is â€Å"The story of salt† written by the author Mark Kurlansky. The book in whole educates people about the significance of a simple element â€Å"salt†. This book is not just for the adults but also for the teenagers and the primary level students. This book introduces the readers with the common facts that had been off-beat. This book is reviewed on a large scale and recommended by many of its readers. About the author: The author of this book Mark Kurlansky is well-known among the book lovers. He has been awarded with the James Beard Award for Excellence in Food Writing. His many writing includes â€Å"A biography of fish which changed the view. And this is an achievement in itself, if a book writer really changes one’s perspective towards any subject (The Random House Group, 2009). The most common feature in his books is salt. Just for the sake of knowing the facts about salt and how does this substance can really change the contemporary picture of the world, he travelled to many countries in the world. The countries he visited are China, Middle East, and Africa. Mark Kurlansky writing pieces includes, â€Å"The big oyster†, â€Å"The last fish tale†, â€Å"1968 (the year when the world was rocked) and many more† (Random House, INC, 2009). These writing pieces by the author have focused the food and greatly salt. In this paper will discuss his book â€Å"The story of the salt† About the book: This book deals with the ubiquitous and such a simple substance, salt. How salt helped the civilizations to evolve and how it bring change in the economy in the World. Salt is the substance which can make a country become the most powerful. In this book the significance of the salt tells all the facts and secrets has been revealed. Salt is most important to superpowers like America to control the world. This book reveals that how important salt is for the human body. Illustrations: This book contains many vibrant, attention-grabbing and supportive illustrations with text which made it easy for the readers to understand the importance of the simple substance salt. There are illustrations symbolizing the different civilization and the use of the salt in their era. Main Idea: At first when salt was used in the meals with meat and other types of meat (white meat, beef) but its industrial use got raise when salt was discovered as the best preservative. And that’s when the use of the salt became more common. Almost every state’s economy is greatly affected (in raise or loss) by the frozen food because of the new trends of intake of food. America in particular has the industry of frozen food selling on the highest score (Kurlansky, 2006). The question that arises in our minds is that if the salt was not discovered as a preservative, then how it would be the state of the frozen food cultured economies? This shows the evident importance of the salt in the economic affairs of the state. Did you ever thought about when using the table salt? In this book Mark provided records of the first use of salt different countries. For example, China started its production for salt nearly 8000 B. C before. Mark introduces to the foodie culture of China that they sprinkle salt rightly on their food (Kurlansky, 2006). This book also deals with many famous bodies from the history involved in the history of salt. For example, Gandhi was the one who broke the law of Britain regarding salt which damaged their trade of salt. Another example from the book is of Clarence Birdseye. He is the biggest name in the market of frozen foods (Kurlansky, 2006). This book also tells about the phenomenon of colonialism which was greatly affected or being revolutionized by the salt. The salt trade helped those states which had their salt sources on the list. And when war broke out, the colonists had to find their mass of salt in order to track back their colonialism (Kurlansky, 2006). Mark in this book takes us back to the beginning of the time when prior to civilizations, men as a vagrant and rolling stone use to wonder in the world to find the salt masses which was and is necessary for the human bodies. In the search men discovered many other natural resources so titling that salt was the reason behind the discoveries of world’s many important land recourses (Kurlansky, 2006). This book holds record from all the international history as well as political history of different states and how these states gathered their sources on the basis of mass of salts. Salt is called as the key for the explorations era. Salt was used by many countries for different purpose. For example, how the people of Egypt used salt as a preserver for keeping the bodies of their kings and emperors fresh and preserved. Salt was greatly consumed for this reason (Kurlansky, 2006). Ketchup is commonly used with every food, especially in the regions America, Europe and Mexico. A very interesting point to note from the book is that how salt helped making the ketchup. Because Mark was a food writer too, he included ketchup in a very witty style in his book with the right illustrations to go with it. Therefore reading the text from the book it is quite evident that choosing such a topic and to describe it in such a good way really help him deserves the best outcome of the hard work. This book â€Å"The Story of Salt† is the best seller by Mark. Moreover the author’s goal specifically in this book is to educate people about the little facts that are of less importance to them. And he is successful in this regard.

The Abduction And Murder Of Daniel Handley From The Street...

The Abduction and Murder of Daniel Handley From the Street of London, England. Abstract On October 7, 1994 in Beckton, London, England, while Daniel Handley was working on his bicycle, he was approached by two men in a Peugeot 405, who claimed to be lost and sought direction from Daniel on their map. Meanwhile, their fantasy was to abduct a young fair haired, pre-teen buy and sexually abuse him and kill him to hide their crime. With the map placed in the back seat of their car, as Daniel leaned in to look at it, he was pushed into the car and they drove off. At their flat, both men sexually abused him while the other videoed the activity. Then, Daniel was taken to a layby by Hungerford in Berkshire and strangled to death with a rope. His body was dumped in a shallow grave near Bristol and found in March 1995. This paper is to look at why child kidnapping and abuse happened and still happens to this day. To also look at â€Å"what kind of person would take pleasure from raping and killing a ten-year-old boy?† Keywords: child abuse; kidnapping; sexual abuse; strangulation; England THE ABDUCTION AND MURDER OF DANIEL HANDLEY FROM THE STREET OF LONDON, ENGLAND 3 The abduction, sexual abuse, and strangulation of Daniel Handley in Beckton, London, England on October 7, 1994, caught the nation by surprise. Law enforcement personnel and all concerned citizens frantically joined hands searching for him, until his body was found on March 1995, in a shallow grave,Show MoreRelatedThe Case Of Daniel Handley1866 Words   |  8 PagesThe Case of Daniel Handley Abstract On October 7, 1994 in Beckton, London, England, while Daniel Handley was working on his bicycle, he was approached by two men in a Peugeot 405, who claimed to be lost and sought direction from Daniel on their map. Meanwhile, their fantasy was to abduct a young fair haired, pre-teen buy and sexually abuse him and kill him to hide their crime. With the map placed in the back seat of their car, as Daniel leaned in to look at it, he was pushed into the car and theyRead MoreThe Case Of Daniel Handley 21872 Words   |  8 PagesTHE CASE OF DANIEL HANDLEY 2 The Case of Daniel Handley Abstract On October 7, 1994 in Beckton, London, England, while Daniel Handley was working on his bicycle, he was approached by two men in a Peugeot 405, who claimed to be lost and sought direction from Daniel on their map. Meanwhile, their fantasy was to abduct a young fair haired, pre-teen buy and sexually abuse him and kill him to hide their crime. With the map placed in the back seat of their car, as Daniel leaned in to

Lone Pair - Chemistry Definition

A lone pair is an electron pair in the outermost shell of an atom that is not shared or bonded to another atom. It is also called a non-bonding pair. One way to identify a lone pair is to draw a Lewis structure. The number of lone pair electrons added to the number of bonding electrons equals the number of valence electrons of an atom. The lone pair concept is important to valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory, as it helps to explain the geometry of molecules. Sources Albright, T. A.; Burdett, J. K.; Whangbo, M.-H. (1985). Orbital Interactions in Chemistry. New York: Wiley. p. 102. ISBN 0471873934.Ansyln, E. V.; Dougherty, D. A. (2006). Modern Physical Organic Chemistry. Sausalito, CA: University Science Books. p. 41. ISBN 978-1-891389-31-3.Kumar, Anmol; Gadre, Shridhar R.; Mohan, Neetha; Suresh, Cherumuttathu H. (2014-01-06). Lone Pairs: An Electrostatic Viewpoint. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 118 (2): 526–532. doi:10.1021/jp4117003

The Beautiful Country Of Honduras - 848 Words

The beautiful country of Honduras is located geographically at the heart of Central America. However, the most important location of this country is in the heart of every Catracho(a); Spanish term for those born or raised at Honduras. To be a Catracho(a) goes far beyond than just sharing territory or the nationality of Honduras. It means sharing an accent, slangs, food, beliefs, values, and folkways that will be detailed further in the paper. Such subculture goes beyond territorial boundaries, a Catracho(a) can reside in any part of the world and still relate to the same shared tangible or intangible items. Therefore, Catracho(a) are a subculture of the Hispanic/Latino culture. Differences in the way a Catracho(a) speaks are evident when citizens from Central American countries are at the same place and speaking to one another. Starting with the accent; it will differ depending on the country you were raised. Costa Ricans have an â€Å"r† phoneme, where in some instances it can sound similarly (not exactly) like an â€Å"l†. Nicaraguans do not pronounce the â€Å"s† at the end of a word and it sounds as if it is substituted by a type of short and soft â€Å"h†. Catrachos(as) pronounce the â€Å"j† and â€Å"s† in an aspirated way, as softly as the â€Å"h† in English or might not be pronounced at all. Intangible and tangible slangs, objects, and actions will have a specific meaning according to the country. Catrachos(as) refer to sharpener as saca puntas but Nicaraguans refer to them as. For earringsShow MoreRelatedHonduras And Its Impact On American Culture1582 Words   |  7 PagesSome people hear the country Honduras and immediately picture the incredible diving offered, others feel pity and fear as they imagine the incredibly high rates of violent crimes. While both perspectives are true, Honduras has a plethora of fascinating traits. 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Nicaragua has the largest area of arable land in all of Central AmericaRead MoreEl Salvador : A Country On The Pacific Coast Of Central America1333 Words   |  6 PagesEl Salvador is a country on the Pacific coast of Central America, and borders Guatemala to the west and Honduras to the north and east (Geography). It is known for being the smallest Central American country and has an area equal to that of Massachusetts, it is also the only one with an Atlantic coastline (Geography). The majority of El Salvador s land is made up of a chain of volcanoes that expands throughout the Northern side of the country. The current government of El Salvador is a RepublicanRead MoreEl Salvador : A Country On The Pacific Coast Of Central America1333 Words   |  6 Pages El Salvador is a country on the Pacific coast of Central America, and borders Guatemala to the west and Hondu ras to the north and east (Geography). It is known for being the smallest Central American country and has an area equal to that of Massachusetts, it is also the only one with an Atlantic coastline (Geography). The majority of El Salvador s land is made up of a chain of volcanoes that expands throughout the Northern side of the country. The current government of El Salvador is a RepublicanRead MoreJamaicas Original Inhabitants Were The Arawak Indians1046 Words   |  5 Pages1962. Jamaica is a very interesting country to research; the location, geographic features, population, climate, language, tourism and the way the people dress have the most interesting facts about this country. Jamaica is an island nation of the Greater Antilles located on the North Western Caribbean Sea. The continent Jamaica is located on is North America. Countries that are close to this country is Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Haiti, Mexico, Belize, Honduras, and Nicaragua. Jamaica is located

National Culture and Behavior Management- Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the National Culture and Behavior Management. Answer: Introduction National culture refers to general acceptable behavior of a society based on beliefs and values that are developed over a long duration of time. They include values, beliefs, common knowledge, perception, and norms of behavior of a population within a sovereign nation (Branine, and Pollard, 2010). They define individuals of the same society and distinguish them from other societies. Behavior management refers to applied behavior analysis that involves application of psychological organizational behavior principles to organizations to enable improvement of group or individual performance in the work place. National culture influences behavior management. An individual or group behavior is determined by the country that they belong to. National culture is important for understanding and predicting individuals or group behavior when directing them towards a common goal. Organizational behavior management is important for managing organizational effectiveness and efficiency. Globalizatio n has led to integration of economies and societies around the world that has brought individuals from different countries to work together. Globalization has removed boundaries and given rise to multinational companies that operates in different countries. Societies are not the same in terms of what normal or not normal to what is considered unacceptable or unacceptable. The difference in values, beliefs, practices are evident from one country to another. The differences in individual behaviors as a result of national culture necessitate different approaches to manage different groups. Employees in countries behave differently and therefore opt to be managed different to attain the same predetermined goods. Sensitivity of national differences by a manager can increase chances of success of a business. Therefore it is important to understand the concept of national cultures in organizations for management to shape and direct employees behavior towards achievement of specific goals. The following essay will discuss national culture and behavior management. This will involve a background study, discussion, significance, and recommendation of the topic under study. Background of the Study The significance of studying and understanding national culture was as a result of increasing international businesses. International businesses have a challenge to successfully adapt to diverse cultures and manage it impact on their daily operations. In order for business to adapt, they require to understand cultural values, stereotypes, values, views and cultural diversity. The study of national culture has in the recent decades attracted researchers interests especially in cultural dimensions and attitude. The research has been aimed at improving business performance in different societies. Hodgetts, luthans and Doh (2006) defined national culture as shared beliefs and values that enables members of their society to determine what is right or wrong. Shachaf (2008), described culture as consisting of implicit and explicit patterns and behavior acquired and is transmitted through symbols that form characteristics of achievements of a group or population. Hickson and Pugh (2014) esta blished cultures are common, symbolic, generational, and adaptive, integrated, and learned not inherited. There are different cultures that exist in the world and understanding their impact on human behavior is critical for international business. Zheng,Yang, and McLean, (2010) pointed out that if multinational managers do not understand the country culture that they operate in can lead to extremely negative business performance. Hofstede (2010) defined cultural values as desirable beliefs and concepts that provide standards for evaluating certain actions, behaviors, and goals to ascertain what is bad or good, acceptable or unacceptable. Limsila, and Ogunlana, (2008), also defined cultural values as fundamental beliefs of people in a society regarding notions of evil and good, important and unimportant, right and wrong. Poole (2013) defined Cultural diversity as ways that cultures differ from one society to another. It shows the impact of how people behave and think within a society. Diversity exists between and within cultures. There are three models of cultural dimensions that can be used to study a national culture. They include; (1) GLOBEs model, (2) Hofstedeov model, (3) Trompenaarsov model. Hofstede model hold that national cultures have a lot of influence on work values. Hofstede dimension model was from a study of 53 countries. Hofstede found that managers and employees of different countries varied as a result of the following dimensions of their national culture; individualism vs collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, power distance, masculinity vs femininity, short term vs long term orientation. He stated that individuals behaviors were shaped by the dimension of their national culture (De Mooij and Hofstede, 2010). The second model of Trompenaars was based on two rounds survey that involved over 45000 managers. The research found the there were seven bipolar dimensions. They were as follows; individualism and communitarians, universalism and particularism, neutral cultures and emotional cultures, s pecific cultures and diffuse cultures, job status or person status, internal guidance and external guidance and lastly the sequential access and synchronously notion. This model showed that individual or group behaviors in an organization reflected the national culture dimension. Lastly is the GLOBEs model that was as result of 170 scientists working together with management students. The research was undertaken in 61 countries. The research aimed at studying the relationship between organizational culture, culture of the society, and organizational leadership (Brock et al., 2008). The model dimensions were as follows; focus on the future, sexual differentiation, uncertainty avoidance, assertiveness, power distance, institutional collectivism, within group collectivism, humanistic orientation, and focus on results. The GLOBEs model is viewed as the most comprehensive compared to two models. From the background study, national culture determines an individual or group behavior. Therefore, understanding national culture can enable global managers in behavioral management of employees in the organization. Significance of national culture to Behavior management National culture dominant and shapes organizational cultures and influence how they function. The national culture determines organizational culture of an organization and influences some practices that become part of the organization. The national culture shapes how people act, behave, perceive, hold values, and contribute towards the achievement of the organizational goals. An employee behavior is significant to achieving organizational goals through efficiency and effectiveness. The following are the significance of national culture to behavior management; Communication Communication is the process of sending messages through a language that a receiver can understand. Communication can either be verbal or non verbal. Verbal communication refers to sending of message though spoken language. Non verbal communication refers to body or symbol cues of sending a message that can be understood by the receiver. Communication is a cultural framework that enables decoding of a message from a correspondent to recipient. According to Ke and Wei (2008), the interpretation and the extent of understanding of a message from a correspondent to a receiver is highly influenced by culture. This entails that an individual ability to understand a message is based on the number of cultures one has lived in or familiar with. Communication builds relationship and determines how management interacts with the employees. The national culture determines acceptable or preferred methods of communicating in a business. National culture determines how people dress and how it is per ceived. Some national cultures are more formal than other. Global businesses are therefore required to adhere to national communication cultures in order to create best impression to the local business partners or employees. For instance, business communication etiquette in Japan starts with handing of business cards. The Japanese culture is very formal and requires business cards to start a meeting. In addition, communication in a country or organization is determined by the national culture dimension. For example, in countries where there is high power distance, addressing employees should include their titles before their names of which not adhered can cause disappointment in the work place. Therefore, national culture is significant to understanding communication in the society that can enhance effectiveness of the communication in the organization. Style of leadership The style of leadership to be adopted in an organization in a particular country is influenced by the nation culture. The style of leadership refers to managers style of implementing plans, motivating employees and providing direction. These are participatory, autocratic, and laissez-faire. The style of leadership determines the flow of power, responsibilities, and decision making in the organization. A participatory or democratic style of leadership is found in organization where the national culture dimension has low power distance, low masculine, and collectivism. These national culture dimensions encourage leaders to include employees in the management of the organization. The autocratic style of leadership is organizations that their national culture dimensions have high power distance, individualism, and masculine. The leader in an organization decides what has to be done and the employees are expected to follow instructions. Therefore, the culture influences the role and funct ions of employees and management in an organization. For instance, in countries with low power distance, the lower level employees are able to directly communicate to the manager which is opposite of cultures with high power distance. The style of leadership influences the behavior of the employees in the organization. This determines their contribution and engagement in the activities of an organization. This indicates that employees of different counties will have different expected style of leadership from their management. Therefore, adopting a style of leadership that does not align with the national culture can lead to employees protesting or have low morale at their work places. Organizational structure Organizational structure refers to organization framework that defines the way activities are coordinated, allocated, and supervised (Han et al., 2010). Organizational structure ensures all responsibilities in the organization are defined and who reports to who is indicated. The choice of an organizational structure is influenced by the type of culture that the management wants to introduce in the organization. The organizational structure establishes the organizational culture and need to change the culture requires the organizational to change the organizational structure. The organizational structure establishes norms and practices that have to be adhered to by the employees. The organizational culture also establishes communication channels in the organization. In addition, organizational structure defines power in the position in the organization that managers in different levels have. This determines how the organization is managed. The organizational structure of an organization should reflect the national culture in order to facilitate smooth functioning of the organization. For instance, the organizational structure should define the power sharing to avoid conflicts in high power distance societies. Organizations should also consider the relationship of the management and the employees because it influences employees motivation in the work place. Lastly, the organizational structure influences the organizational culture and therefore should ensure it reflects the society norms, beliefs, and values. Turnover and Absenteeism Turnover is the rate of employees quitting their jobs within a specific period of time. Absenteeism is a practice of an employee staying out of work. Turnover and absenteeism have adverse effect to the organizations performance. The inconsistency behaviors experienced in organizations are as a result of acceptance of the organizational culture and the national culture. The organization culture and national culture can allow and tolerate employees to stay away from work or even quit any time they feel like. This is different to other cultures that do not allow employees or managers to stay absent from their work. The national and organizational culture therefore dictates the values, norms, and acceptable practices in an organization. The national culture influences how people in the society values their job and the willingness to work without staying away from work or quitting. Motivation Employee motivation refers to commitment, creativity, and level of energy that an organizations employee brings in their workplace. Motivation determines the level of performance of the organizations (Tung, 2008). Motivated employees meet and exceed their targets while enabling the organization to attain competitive edge through innovations and inventions. Employees who are not motivated underperform in their workplace and they are a liability to the company. It is the responsibility of the management to manage their employees. People dont get motivated the same and it highly depends with the national culture to which a person belongs to. People in different countries value different things differently and therefore cannot be subjected in an equal measure for motivation. Motivation also depends on the organizational culture. For instance, organizations operating in collective cultures should ensure they respect their norms to individuals to feel motivated to work in the organization. People in collective society value to see their norms respected in their workplace and doing so makes them feel as part of the company and motivated to work. People in collective cultures also do not recognize personal motivation. On the other side, individuals from high power distance national countries value motivation based on personal interests. They associate motivation to how best it solves their problems and rather than job satisfaction. Motivation is therefore based on national culture and failure to understand what motivates an employee in the workplace can lead to adverse organizational performance. Organizational culture Organizational culture refers to shared values, assumptions, and beliefs that govern how employees behave in an organization. Organization culture has influence on how individuals act, dress, and perform their duties (Shimoni, 2011). The organizational culture differentiates one organization from one another. A good organizational culture gives an organization a competitive advantage. For example an organization culture that is innovation oriented enabled an organization to stay in the lead in the industry. The organizational culture is highly influenced by national culture. For instance, high power distance culture, organizations have centralized and bureaucratic organizational structures. On the other side, organizations in low power distance cultures, the organizational structure are flexible, flatter and encourage personnel participations. In another account, societies with high masculinity have women discriminated with few women in high ranks or even being given priority. This i s different in low masculinity cultures as all genders are given equal opportunities in their workplace. Conclusion From the discussion in this report, national culture highly influences people behavior in the country. People living in the same society live under the same norms, values and beliefs that enable them determine what is right or wrong and therefore what to accept or not accept. The national culture can be analyzed and determined using three models of national culture. The models outline the drivers of the behavior in the society. The relationship between the national culture and individual behavior is based on the learned over time, symbols, beliefs and values. The national culture influences how organizations are formed and managed in a country. The national culture dictates how the people in the society communicate, get motivated, and consistency in their jobs. National culture also influences the most appropriate style of leadership and organizational structure to be applied in the organization. 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